Subsequent to the emplacement of the bushveld complex, reactivation of the. The age of the chikwawa basalt the distribution of the drakensberg volcanics and related rocks that cap the karoo supergroup defines the karoo. This succession covers extensive areas in the southern part of south africa but attains thicknesses of only a few hundred metres in the welkom goldfields. Thesis submitted to the faculty of science at the university of the witwatersrand, johannesburg, in fulfilment of. Super group is a leading transport logistics company providing endtoend supply chain management solutions. For more than a century, large collections of fossils. Geochemistry and petrology of witwatersrand and dwyka. Widespread mesozoic stratigraphic unit in southern africa. Durrheim a,c a school of geosciences, university of the witwatersrand johannesburg, pbag 3, wits, 2050, republic of south africa. Systematic measured profiles on a regional scale are used to document the distribution of noritic and amphibolitic sills 787 in total in the largely sedimentary latest archaeanearly proterozoic succession of the transvaal supergroup in northeastern south africa. The type area of the karoo supergroup is the great karoo in south africa, where the most extensive outcrops of the sequence are exposed. The karoo supergroup is widespread in various upper carboniferous to lower jurassic depositories across the gondwana supercontinent. Neoarchaean tectonic history of the witwatersrand basin and ventersdorp supergroup.
A south african perspective on shale gas hydraulic fracturing. Our pdf merger allows you to quickly combine multiple pdf files into one single pdf document, in just a few clicks. Dieses kostenlose tool erlaubt es mehrere pdfs oder bilddateien miteinander zu einem pdfdokument zu verbinden. The age of the ritscherflya supergroup and borgmassivet. Karoo supergroup, while cretaceous anorogenic complexes, contain a variety of semiprecious stones, fluorite okorusu 14, apatite, rare earth elements, iron and other base metals. Karoo sediments and coals have been eroded in these gold fields cook, 1998. Stratigraphic and geochemical framework of the agouron. Geological setting university of the witwatersrand. A the main karoo basin in south africa with the evolution of a foredeep in front of the northerly prograding. High rainfall, heavy folding and fracturing results in springs. The transvaal supergroup is an endarchaeanearliest proterozoic platform succession developed on the kaapvaal craton, spanning the approximate period of 2. Chapter 2 geological setting sacs, 1980 from reset isotopic systems, which indicate a closure at c. Petrography and geochemistry of sandstone samples of. The occurrence of a mineral resource is always determined by the geological setting of a region.
Comparison of the data between strat 1 and ckp 6 indicates that the base of the sections is characterised by a few common taxa of typically long range nature. A palynological biozonation has proved feasible for the permian strata in some of the karoo basins. Physical and chemical characteristics of thermal springs in limpopo province, south africa olivier j, venter js and van niekerk hj. The karoo supergroup is the most widespread stratigraphic unit in africa south of the kalahari desert. The late triassic to early jurassic elliot formation is part of the stormberg group karoo supergroup of south africa. Fungal abundance spike and the permiantriassic boundary.
Palaeozoic rocks of the karoo supergroup cover the southern side of the dome. The biome, with 5000 species in 100 251km 2, has the highest species richness recorded for semiarid vegetation, and more than 50% of the plant species are endemic to this biome milton et al 1997. The karoo supergroup comprises sediments ascribed to deposition in glacial to fluvioglacial and from shallow marine to fluviodeltaic environments. The distribution of the economic mineral resource authors. Overall, the karoo supergroup across the kalahari karoo basin reflects a transition from a glaciation period through to deltaic and swampy periods ultimately turning arid before the extrusion of. If you would like to participate, you can choose to edit this article, or visit the project page for more information. To the north of the breede wma the basal units of the karoo supergroup outcrop and are represented by the basal dwyka group. Several outcrops of basic intrusive occur in the fragment. The karoo supergroup in southern africa occurs in the areally extensive main karoo and kalahari basins as well as in a number of subsidiary basins in south africa, namibia, botswana, zimbabwe and. B this article has been rated as bclass on the projects quality scale. New evidence for diachroneity of the eccabeaufort contact karoo supergroup, south africa j. The ritscherflya supergroup is intruded by the grunehogna and kullen sills. Witteberg group consisting of alternating shales and sandstones. The extent of karoo supergroup rocks is greater than previously thought and karoo sedimentary and volcanic rocks cover a large percentage of the subkalahari surface.
The karoo supergroup lithologies have been intruded by dolerite dykes and. Merge pdf s when you need to upload one file for an application but your have the pages that you need saved as multiple pdf s, you need to merge pdf s to one file. Of these depositories, two major basin types are developed in southern africa. There is some disparity in occurrence data between the two sec. Petrography and geochemistry of sandstone samples of vischkuil formation, karoo supergroup, south africa. Deconstructing the transvaal supergroup, south africa. Bordy department of geological sciences, university of cape town, private bag x3. Physical and chemical characteristics of thermal springs. The karoo supergroup is the largest stratigraphic unit in southern africa, covering almost two thirds of the present land surface, including central cape province, almost all of orange free state, western natal, much of southeast transvaal, zambia, zimbabwe and malawi. All structured data from the file and property namespaces is available under the creative commons cc0 license. The stratified rocks are intruded by numerous mafic dykes and sills of various ages. Following the discovery of the offshore kudu gas field of cretaceous age 15, hydrocarbon exploration also intersected oilprone source rocks in boreholes. The oldest are diabase intrusions related to ventersdorp volcanism and.
Rbsr data from the kullen sill yield an age of 1429 ma, clearly inconsistent with these data. The karoo sediments in the sbf basin clearly represent the broad. Changes in permotriassic terrestrial tetrapod ecological representation in the beaufort group karoo supergroup of south africa. It contains three unconformitybounded sequences cheney, 1996 that are preserved and exposed in two. Files are available under licenses specified on their description page. It is entirely surrounded by granite of the lebowa granite suite, and, in the southwestern part, overlain by flatlying sedimentary rocks of the karoo supergroup. Thermal properties of stratified rocks from witwatersrand. During the period 1965 to 1975, soekor explored for oil and gas in the karoo, a pristine semidesert area in south africa. The karoo supergroup ranges in age from late carboniferous to early jurassic. Rubidge some of the earliest research on the contact between the ecca.
The strata were deposited in glacial, deep marine including turbidite, shallow marine, deltaic. Karoo supergroup lithostratigraphic subdivision and palaeoenvironments. Detailed geochemical studies of diamictite samples from the archean witwatersrand supergroup and the dwyka group of the mesozoic karoo supergroup from south africa are reported. The supergroup consists of a sequence of units, mostly of nonmarine origin, deposited between the late carboniferous and early jurassic, a period of about 120 million years. The vischkuil formation overlies the collingham formation within. The unit is significant palaeontlologically, because it preserves not only a range of vertebrate fossils, but also a plethora of ichnofossil and encompasses the boundary of triassic and jurassic in southern africa. Pdf merger lite is a very easy to use application that enables you to quickly combine multiple pdfs in order to create a single document. The area of exposure of the karoo supergroup rocks is scattered throughout the kalahari karoo basin, which is centrally located in botswana, and covers more than half the country fig. Gas was found in the tight shale formations of the ecca group of the karoo supergroup, 2500 and 4000 m below the surface. A south african perspective on shale gas hydraulic fracturing p. Distribution of mafic sills in the transvaal supergroup. Pdf zusammenfugen online pdf dateien zusammenfugen.
The karoo supergroup in southern africa occurs in the areally extensive main karoo and kalahari basins as well as in a number of subsidiary basins in south africa, namibia, botswana, zimbabwe and mozambique. Modie report on a field visit to exposures in the kalahari karoo basin of botswana the karoo supergroup of the kalahari basin. The karoo supergroup lithologies have been intruded by dolerite dykes and sills and the massive botswana dyke swarm is shown on the subkalahari map extending in. Karoo supergroup is part of wikiproject geology, an attempt at creating a standardized, informative, comprehensive and easytouse geology resource. Msc thesis, university of witwatersrand, johannesburg. The granitic basement is made up of two distinct geological domains. Stratigraphy and basin modelling of the gemsbok subbasin karoo supergroup of botswana and namibia. This page was last edited on 15 september 2019, at 22. Pdf stratigraphy and basin modelling of the gemsbok sub. Neoarchaean tectonic history of the witwatersrand basin. Kalahari karoo basin outline showing subbasins after smith, 1984, major pre karoo structural lines after modie, 2007, and outline of the study. The deposition of karoo sediments took place between 280 and 190 ma friese et al. Stratigraphy of the karoo supergroup in southern africa.
The karoo supergroup in southern africa and great kalahari basin in yellow figure modified after bordy, 2000 based on johnson. In the western cape province, the oldest rocks are gneisses and granites of the mokolian namaquanatal metamorphic province 1100 million years old exposed north of vredendal. A provisional basin analysis of the karoo supergroup, springbok flats basin, south africa mrsc kraak, pr. A good place to establish this correlation is the upper permian and lower triassic beaufort group of the karoo supergroup of south africa, which is well known for its record of the succession of mammallike reptiles across the permiantriassic pt boundary kitching, 1977, rubidge, 1995.