Examples are proteins, cellulose, starch, resins and rubber. Also, you may want to use our plastic material selection guide or interactive thermoplastics triangle to assist with the material selection process based on your application requirements. Polymer properties since many polymers are made of long, flexible chains, they become easily tangled, much like a bowl of cooked spaghetti. Different types of plastics and their classification the society of the plastics industry spi established a classification system in 1988 to allow consumers and recyclers to identify different types of plastic. The polymers obtained by simple chemical treatment of natural polymers to change their physical properties like starch, silicones 3. Polymers range from familiar synthetic plastics such as polystyrene to natural biopolymers such as dna. Abs polymers can be given a range of properties, depending on the.
Examples of functional groups h h c o h h acid group cooh alcohol group oh o amino group nh 2 n o. A polymer can be a three dimensional network think of the repeating units linked together left and right, front and back, up and down or twodimensional network think of the repeating units linked together left, right, up, and down in a sheet or a one. These issues will be discussed at length in the next chapter. Examples are proteins, cellulose, starch, resins and rubber 2 semisynthetic polymers. The society of the plastics industry spi established a classification system in 1988 to allow consumers. In this chapter, focus will be on general characteristics, applications and an introduction to the mechanical behavior including elementary concepts of their. Polymers classification, types, uses, properties, polymerization. Groups of atoms that contribute something besides cc and ch bonds are called functional groups. Types of polymers different types of polymers and their. Polyethylene is considered to be as one of the simplest polymer, it has ethene or ethylene as the monomer unit whereas the linear polymer is known as the high density polyethylenehdpe. There are several types of the strength, namely tensile stretching of the polymer, compressional compressing the polymer, flexural bending of the. For chemically resistant plastic, view our chemical resistance of.
Smart polymers and their applications sciencedirect. In basic terms, a polymer is a longchain molecule that is composed of a large number of repeating units of identical structure. Considerations include collection and separation efficiency. Many of the useful properties of polymers are in fact unique to polymers and are due to their long chain molecular structure. Physical properties may depend on isomeric state e. Typical reactions for chain assembling are polyaddition continuous or step wise and condensation polymerization polycondensation 1 figure 1.
They reduce the intermolecular cohesive forces between the polymer chains, which in turn. Manufacturers place an spi code, or number, on each plastic product, usually moulded into the bottom. They are used as stabilizers, pigments and other components to form plastics. Pdf application of polymer admixtures to modify concrete. Polymers have unique properties which can be tailored according to their intended purpose. Polymer, any of a class of natural or synthetic substances composed of very large molecules, called macromolecules, that are multiples of simpler chemical units called monomers. Typical reactions for chain assembling are polyaddition continuous or step wise and condensation polymer ization polycondensation 1 figure 1. These polymers are found in nature, example plants and animals. These identical structures, we understand as a unit made up of two or more molecules, join together to form a long chain.
Chapters in part one focus on types of polymers, including temperature, ph, photo, and enzymeresponsive polymers. Three types of natural polymers are polysaccharides, proteins. Many different nonmetal atoms could be covalently attached to a polymer backbone. Baekeland and an assistant started their research in 1904 looking for a synthetic substitute for shellac. The simplest definition of a polymer is a useful chemical made of many repeating units. The specification of bitumen also shows variation with the safety, solubility, physical properties, and the durability. As an industry leader in polymer solutions, we explain how materials for rubber components are sourced and how various types of polymer could be suited to. These mechanical properties are governed by intermolecular forces, e. A copolymer is a type of polymer that is used in a wide variety of products, such as plastics and car tires. Types and properties pdf by mohammed shafi october 22, 2018 may 7, 2020 in this article, i will be explaining the different types of plastics used in our household applications as well as industrial applications in the form of thermoplastics and thermosetting plastics with there properties.
The type of polymerization mechanism used depends on the type of functional groups attached to the reactants. Introduction to materials science, chapter 15, polymer structures university tennessee, dept. Polypropylene pp is a widely used plastic with consumer applications ranging from food packaging to automotive parts, including car battery casings. Traditionally, the industry has produced two main types of synthetic polymer plastics and rubbers. Aside from the types of matrix and reinforcement used, other factors affecting the properties of a pmc are the constituents relative proportions, the reinforcement geometry and the nature of the interphase 3. The word polymer is derived from two greek words, poly that means many numerous and mer which means units. After studying this unit, you will be able to explain the terms monomer, polymer and polymerisation and appreciate their importance. Use our interactive properties table below to explore by property group, sort, or compare two or more plastic materials. A large number of polymer applications in different fields depend on their unique mechanical properties like tensile strength, elasticity, toughness, etc. Polymers that exhibit extreme elastic extensibility when subjected to relatively low mechanical stress also known as rubber some elastomers can be stretched by a factor of 10 and yet completely recover to their original shape although their properties are quite different from thermosets, they share a similar molecular structure.
These materials exist in countless form and numbers because of very large number and type of atoms present in their molecule. Characteristics, applications and properties of polymers. They affect the chemical and physical properties of a polymer. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. Interplay of chain orientation and bond length in size. But the cost of the polymer is not accounted in the strength gain of the polymer modified concrete. Physical properties of polymers physical properties of polymers 293 forces between polymer chains polymers are produced on an industrial scale primarily, although not exclu sively, for use as structural materials. Polymer can have different chemical structure, physical properties, mechanical behavior, thermal. The main thermoplastic polymers and their properties are presented in table1. The mechanical robustness of the pscs is of vital and equal importance to ensure longterm stability and enable their use as power. An extruder has a hopper to feed the polymer and additives, a ba rrel with a. Introduction to materials science, chapter 15, polymers. Effect of temperature on the mechanical properties of polymer. Influence of acceptor type and polymer molecular weight on.
Bakelite, the first synthetic polymer bakelite, a phenolformaldehyde polymer, was the first completely synthetic plastic, first made by leo baekeland in 1907. Inert, thermally stable, tough and high tensile strength bottles, pipes, inner insulation dielectric of. Polymers are all created by the process of polymerization wherein their constituent elements called monomers, are reacted together to form polymer chains i. Polymer modified concrete types, properties and applications. Polymer abbreviation properties uses lowdensity polyethylene. Synthetic polymers types and examples polymer uses. Reviewing of general polymer types, properties and application in. They are commonly found in a variety of consumer products. Thermosetting polymers become permanently hard at elevated temperatures and pressures. There are three different types based on the structure of the polymers. Polymers and their properties introduction basic topics. One of the great design strengths of composites is the multiple choices of both polymer types and reinforcement forms to meet.
Polymers are materials with a seemingly limitless range of characteristics and colors. Enhancement in properties polymer nanocomposites has revealed clearly the property advantages that nanomaterial additives can provide in comparison to both their conventional filler counterparts and base polymer. Polymer is a chemical compound in which the molecules are bind together in long repeated chains. Methods of recycling, properties and applications of. Squeeze bottles, toys, flexible pipes, insulation cover electric wires, six pack rings, etc. Learn more about copolymers and understand their different types, structures, and. Their physical properties are partic ularly important in determining their usefulness, be it as rubber tires, sidings. Polymer is a generic name given to a vast number of materials of high molecular weight. By the end of the session the delegate should have understood the following. Types of synthetic organic polymers introduction to. Describe how the chemical structure of a polymer relates to its physical properties. Different types of bitumen, their properties and uses there are different types of bitumen available with different properties, specifications and uses based on requirements of consuming industry. Although their properties are quite different from. Different polymers have a number of unique physical and chemical properties due to which they find usage in.
Polymers can be made to mimic cotton, silk, and wool fibers. Polymers have many inherent properties that can be further enhanced by a wide range of additives to broaden their uses and applications. Types of polymers classification of polymers characteristics of polymers properties of polymers streng slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to. Properties which have been shown to undergo substantial improvements include. The addition of polymers makes the concrete mix to become more workable. This can hence reduce the amount of water that is added to the. Properties limits type of polymer pp ldpe hdpe pc pbt pai r gcm3. The amount of liquid that can be absorbed depends on the ionic strength of the solution the total concentration of positive and negative ions in the solution. Discover different types of polymer and their properties with trp polymer solutions. Application of polymer admixtures to modify concrete properties.
Synthetic resins, in which plastics are also included, vary widely in their chemical composition and in their physical properties. Physical properties of polymers 293 forces between polymer chains polymers are produced on an industrial scale primarily, although not exclu sively, for use as structural materials. Nonfullerene acceptors nfas, that are smallmolecule acceptors sma and polymer acceptors pas, have been extensively explored, which has yielded significant enhancements in the photovoltaic performance of polymer solar cells pscs. Polymers are studied in the field of biophysics, macromolecular science, and polymer science. This type of bonding contrasts with metallic bonding, in which valence. Due to their broad range of properties, both synthetic and natural polymers play essential and ubiquitous roles in everyday life.
Resins are any of the chemically modified natural resins or synthetic polymers which are physically similar, including thermoplastic materials such as polyvinyl, polystyrene, and polyethylene, as well as thermosetting materials such as polyesters, epoxies, and silicones. Their monomer composition and biological source provides these polysaccharides with different sets of physicochemical properties. Understanding the detailed mechanism and corresponding microstructure change at the molecular level is key for reaching the longterm goal of controlling their properties and. Their physical properties are partic ularly important in determining their usefulness, be it as rubber tires, sidings for buildings, or solid rocket fuels.
Often, polymers of natural origin have limitations in terms of their solubility and industrially acceptable processability factors such as high temperature of melting, which are commonly applied to synthetic polymers. Different types of bitumen, their properties and uses. The number of synthetic resins which can be made is vast. Pellets of the polymer are mixed with colouring and additives. Polymers are those which consists of repeated structural units known as monomers. Monomer the small molecule or repeating unit or the building block in the structure of polymer is called monomer. Synthetic polymers are those which are humanmade polymers. Introduction the technological process of rubber blend preparation plays an important role in the product quality, and mainly in traffic security. The properties of polymer modified concrete are explained below. Single amorphous polymeric nanofibers exhibit tunable properties when their sizes drop down below a specific onset value, including increases in modulus and strength. Shape memory polymers, smart polymer hydrogels, and selfhealing polymer systems are also explored. Polymers make up many of the materials in living organisms, including, for example, proteins, cellulose, and nucleic acids.